Writing About Writing (p. 481-494)
Reading Response
“Literacy, Discourse,
and Linguistics” by James Paul Gee
Summary:
In “Literacy, Discourse, and
Linguistics,” James Paul Gee attempts to explain “a way of talking about
literacy” and “literacy studies.” He describes how a Discourse is not the same
as discourse, details the different types of Discourses, and introduces several
new terms to strengthen his argument. Gee’s overall claims, in his own words,
is “the focus of literacy studies or applied linguistics should not be language, or literacy, but social practices.”
Gee begins by describing that
“language” is not particularly grammar- but it is what you say, how you say it,
and what you are and do when you say it. To demonstrate this first claim he
describes two responses by women in an interview that show different dialect. A
great quote from this article that helps to formulate Gee’s claims of what a
Discourse actually is this:
At any moment we are using language we must
say or write the right thing in the right way while playing the right social
role and to hold right values, beliefs, and attitudes. Thus, what is important
is not language, and surely not grammar, but saying (writing)-doing-being-valuing-believing combinations. (484)
Gee describes that a Discourse is like an
“identity kit.” He also says that we all have many.
To acquire a Discourse, Gee states
that you cannot learn by instruction but by apprenticeship. “Apprenticeship” is
one of Gee’s terms that simply apply to the social practice of that particular
Discourse to become familiar with it. Next, Gee explains how there is tension
and conflict among one’s Discourses. All this means is that the ways of one
Discourse may interfere with the ways of another, and you are ultimately who
you are based on a combination effect.
Gee uses several terms to go in
depth about Discourses. Primary socialization, or the acquisition of our
Primary Discourse, is what we obtain from our families and growing up and it
affects our world-view the most. Secondary Discourses are acquired by
apprenticeship in the community (social institutions). Dominant discourses are
secondary discourses that bring forth “social goods.” Non-dominant Discourses
are secondary discourses that “bring solidarity with a particular social
network.”
Another one of Gee’s claims is that
a dominant discourse can be used as a test- a test for natives and a gate for
non-natives (fluent uses v. newcomers). Gee also goes into detail about how
primary and secondary discourse acquisition is similar to learning a new
language. The first and second language can interfere with each other, but
learning the second can strengthen the primary.
Gee’s definition of literacy is,
“the master of or fluent control over a secondary Discourse.” In his argument,
literacy is plural since everyone has more than one. Literacy can be
“liberating” in the sense that bring about a meta-language that can be
beneficial.
Furthermore, Gee presents two
theorems to his argument. First, someone cannot engage in a Discourse in a less
than fluent manner. Second, primary Discourses cannot be liberating literacies.
Finally, Gee ties all of his terms
together with an example of a story created by a 5-year-old. The story is
written in lines and stanzas, demonstrates filtering and transferring, and
shows practice of a Discourse. Detail is given about the child’s primary
Discourse and how it is affected, and how it affects her literacies.
Synthesis:
Gee’s article seemed to be more of
a textbook read to me. It contained all new material with several definitions,
examples, and implications. I believe my summary is lengthy due to the fact
that Gee covered so much ground with his article. His work relates to the work
of Swales because Swales defines discourse community,
which is essentially a community of fluent members involved in a secondary
Discourse. I feel that Gee and Swales collaboratively describe everything there
is to know about defining the terms of discourse and Discourse. There is a separation
between the two terms. Also, in Gee’s terms- I feel the Factory Farm Industry,
or atleast the people involved in it, are in a dominant secondary Discourse. It
is dominant because the “goal” (as required be Swales) is to raise profits. All
three articles from this section so far are connected. I feel you will either
understand all of them or none of them- that’s just an opinion though.
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